Biological and bioenvironmental heat and mass transfer / Ashim K. Datta.

Providing a foundation in heat and mass transport, this book covers engineering principles of heat and mass transfer. The author discusses biological content, context, and parameter regimes and supplies practical applications for biological and biomedical engineering, industrial food processing, environmental control, and waste management. The book contains end-of-chapter problems and sections highlighting key concepts and important terminology It offers cross-references for easy access to related areas and relevant formulas, as well as detailed examples of transport phenomena, and descriptions of physical processes. It covers mechanisms of diffusion, capillarity, convection, and dispersion.

Incluye referencias bibliográficas.

I Energy Transfer.--

1 EQUILIBRIUM, ENERGY CONSERVATION, AND TEMPERATURE.--
1.1 Thermal Equilibrium and the Laws of Thermodynamics.--
1.1.1 Laws of Thermodynamics.--
1.1.2 Thermal Equilibrium.--
1.1.3 Energy Conservation.--
1.2 Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Transport of Energy.--
1.3 Temperature in Living Systems.--
1.3.1 Temperature Response to Human Body.--
1.3.2 Temperature Sensation in Humans.--
1.3.3 Thermal Comfort of Human and Animals.--
1.4 Temperature in the Environment.--
1.4.1 The Greenhouse Effect.--
1.5 Temperature Scales.--
1.6 Chapter Summary-Energy Conservation and Temperature.--
1.7 Concept and Review Questions.--
1.8 Further Reading.--

2 MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER.--
2.1 Conductive Heat Transfer.--
2.1.1 Thermal Conductivity of Biological and Other Materials.--
2.1.2 Thermal Diffusivity.--
2.1.3 Density and Specific Heat.--
2.2 Convective Heat Transfer.--
2.3 Radiative Heat Transfer.--
2.4 Chapter Summary—Modes of Heat Transfer.--
2.5 Concept and Review Questions.--
2.6 Further Reading.--
2.7 Problems.--

3 GOVERNING EQUATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER.--
3.1 Governing Equation for Heat Transfer Derived.--
3.1.1 Meaning of Each Term in the Governing Equation.--
3.1.2 Examples of Thermal Source (Generation) Term in Biological Systems.--
3.1.3 Utility of the Energy Equation.--
3.2 General Boundary Conditions.--
3.3 The Bioheat Transfer Equation for Mammalian Tissue.--
3.4 Governing Equation Derived in Cylindrical Coordinates.--
3.5 Governing Equations in Various Coordinate Systems.--
3.6 An Algorithm to Solve Transport Problems.--
3.7 Chapter Summary—Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions.--
3.8 Concept and Review Questions.--
3.9 Further Reading.--
3.10 Problems.--

4 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER: STEADY-STATE.--
4.1 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab.--
4.1.1 Thermal Resistance and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.--
4.2 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Cylinder.--
4.2.1 Thermal Resistance Term for the Hollow Cylinder.--
4.2.2 Comparison with the Solution for the Slab.--
4.2.3 Thickness of Fur in Small and Large Animals.--
4.3 Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab with Internal Heat Generation.--
4.3.1 Thermoregulation–Maintaining the Core Body Temperature of Human and Animals.--
4.4 Steady-State Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces: Fins.--
4.4.1 Fins and Bio-heat Transfer.--
4.5 Chapter Summary-Steady-State Heat Conduction.--
4.6 Concept and Review Questions.--
4.7 Further Reading.--
4.8 Problems.--

5 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER: UNSTEADY STATE.--
5.1 Transient Heat Transfer with No Internal Resistance.--
5.2 Biot Number: Deciding When to Ignore the Internal Resistance.--
5.3 Transient Heat Transfer with Internal Resistance.--
5.3.1 How Temperature Changes with Time.--
5.3.2 Temperature Change with Position and Spatial Average.--
5.3.3 Temperature Change with Size.--
5.3.4 Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations.--
5.3.5 Internal and External Resistance.--
5.3.6 Numerical Methods as Alternatives to the Charts.--
5.4 Transient Heat Transfer in a Finite Geometry Multi-Dimensional Problems.--
5.5 Semi-infinite Region.--
5.6 Chapter Summary-Transient Heat Conduction.--
5.7 Concept and Review Questions.--
5.8 Further Reading.--
5.9 Problems.--

6 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER.--
6.1 Governing Equation for Convection.--
6.2 Temperature Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface.--
6.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flows.--
6.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Defined.--
6.5 Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer.--
6.6 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculations.--
6.6.1 Flat plate, Forced Convection.--
6.6.2 Flat plate, Natural Convection.--
6.6.3 Flow Over Cylinder, Natural Convection.--
6.6.4 Flow Over Cylinder, Forced Convection.--
6.6.5 Flow Through Cylinder, Forced Convection.--
6.6.6 Flow Over Sphere, Natural Convection.--
6.6.7 Flow Over Sphere, Forced Convection.--
6.6.8 Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow.--
6.6.9 Orders of Magnitude for Heat Transfer Coefficient Values.--
6.6.10 Coefficients for Air Flow Over Human Subjects.--
6.6.11 Wind Chill Factor and Boundary Layer Thickness.--
6.7 Chapter Summary—Convective Heat Transfer.--
6.8 Concept and Review Questions.--
6.9 Further Reading.--
6.10 Problems.--

7 HEAT TRANSFER WITH CHANGE OF PHASE.--
7.1 Freezing and Thawing.--
7.2 Freezing of Pure Water.--
7.2.1 Freezing Process.--
7.2.2 Property Changes During Freezing.--
7.3 Freezing of Solutions and Biomaterials.--
7.3.1 Solutions.--
7.3.2 Cellular Tissues.--
7.3.3 Cooling Rates and Success of Freezing.--
7.4 Temperature Profiles and Freezing Time.--
7.4.1 Freezing Time for an Infinite Slab of Pure Liquid.--
7.4.2 Freezing Time for Biomaterials.--
7.5 Evaporation.--
7.5.1 Evaporation from Wet Surfaces.--
7.5.2 Evaporation Inside a Solid Matrix.--
7.5.3 Evaporation of Solutions.--
7.6 Chapter Summary-Heat Transfer with Change of Phase.--
7.7 Concept and Review Questions.--
7.8 Further Reading.--
7.9 Problems.--

8 RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER.--
8.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum.--
8.2 Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of Waves at a Surface.--
8.2.1 Transmissivity of a Leaf and Photosynthesis.--
8.2.2 Transmissivity of the Atmosphere: Greenhouse Effect.--
8.2.3 Albedo–Reflection from Soil.--
8.2.4 Absorption and Transmission in Biomaterials.--
8.3 Thermal Radiation from an Ideal (Black) Body.--
8.4 Fraction of Energy Emitted.--
8.5 Thermal Radiation from a Real Body: Emissivity.--
8.6 Emission from Human Bodies.--
8.7 Solar, Atmospheric, and Earth Surface Radiation.--
8.7.1 Solar Radiation–Magnitude and Spectral Distribution.--
8.7.2 Emission from Earth’s Surface.--
8.7.3 Atmospheric Emissions.--
8.7.4 Global Energy Balance.--
8.8 Radiative Exchange Between Bodies.--
8.8.1 Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient.--
8.8.2 Radiative Exchange Between a Leaf and Surroundings.--
8.8.3 Radiative Exchange Between Human (or Animal) and Its Surroundings.--
8.9 Chapter Summary—Radiative Energy Transfer.--
8.10 Concept and Review Questions.--
8.11 Further Reading.--
8.12 Problems.--


II Mass Transfer.--

9 EQUILIBRIUM, MASS CONSERVATION, AND KINETICS.--
9.1 Concentration.--
9.1.1 Concentrations in a Gaseous Mixture.--
9.2 Species Mass Balance (Mass Conservation).--
9.3 Equilibrium.--
9.3.1 Equilibrium Between a Gas and a Liquid.--
9.3.2 Equilibrium Between a Gas and a Solid (with Adsorbed Liquid).--
9.3.3 Equilibrium Between Solid and Liquid in Adsorption.--
9.4 Chemical Kinetics: Generation or Depletion of a Mass Species.--
9.4.1 Rate Laws of Homogeneous Reactions.--
9.4.2 Zeroth Order Reaction.--
9.4.3 First Order Reaction.--
9.4.4 nth Order Reaction.--
9.4.5 Effects of Temperature.--
9.5 Chapter Summary—Equilibrium, Mass Conservation, and Kinetics.--
9.6 Concept and Review Questions.--
9.7 Further Reading.--
9.8 Problems.--

10 MODES OF MASS TRANSFER.--
10.1 A Primer on Porous Media Flow.--
10.1.1 Physical Interpretation of Hydraulic Conductivity K and Permeability k.--
10.1.2 Capillarity and Unsaturated Flow in a Porous Media.--
10.1.3 Osmotic Flow in a Porous Media.--
10.2 Diffusive Mass Transfer.--
10.2.1 Molecular Diffusion.--
10.2.2 Capillary Diffusion.--
10.3 Dispersive Mass Transfer.--
10.4 Convective Mass Transfer.--
10.4.1 Convection-Diffusion Mass Transfer Over a Surface.--
10.4.2 Convection-Dispersion Mass Transfer.--
10.5 Comparison of the Modes of Mass Transfer.--
10.6 Chapter Summary—Modes of Mass Transfer.--
10.7 Concept and Review Questions.--
10.8 Further Reading.--
10.9 Problems.--

11 GOVERNING EQUATIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF MASS TRANSFER.--
11.1 Modified Fick’s Law for Bulk Flow or Convection.--
11.1.1 Velocity and Mass Average Velocity.--
11.1.2 Flux Equation for a Convective Situation.--
11.2 Governing Equation for Mass Transfer.--
11.2.1 Meanings of Each Term in the Governing Equation.--
11.3 General Boundary Conditions.--
11.4 Governing Equations for Mass Diffusion in Various Coordinate Systems.--
11.5 Chapter Summary—G.E. & B.C. of Mass Transfer.--
11.6 Concept and Review Questions.--
11.7 Further Reading.--
11.8 Problems.--

12 DIFFUSION MASS TRANSFER: STEADY STATE.--
12.1 Steady-State Mass Diffusion in a Slab.--
12.1.1 One-Dimensional Mass Diffusion Through a Composite Slab—Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient.--
12.2 Steady-State Diffusion in a Slab with Chemical Reaction.--
12.2.1 Photosynthesis and the Transport of Water Vapor and CO2 in a Leaf.--
12.3 Chapter Summary—Steady-State Mass Diffusion with and Without Chemical Reaction.--
12.4 Concept and Review Questions.--
12.5 Further Reading.--
12.6 Problems.--

13 DIFFUSION MASS TRANSFER: UNSTEADY-STATE.--
13.1 Transient Mass Transfer with No Internal Diffusive Resistance.--
13.2 Transient Mass Transfer with Internal Diffusive Resistance.--
13.2.1 How Concentration Changes with Time.--
13.2.2 Concentration Change with Position and Spatial Average.--
13.2.3 Concentration Change with Size.--
13.2.4 Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations.--
13.2.5 When Both Internal and External Resistances are Present: Convective Boundary Condition.--
13.3 Transient Diffusion in a Finite Geometry—Multi-Dimensional Problems.--
13.4 Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Region.--
13.5 Chapter Summary—Transient Diffusive Mass Transfer.--
13.6 Concept and Review Questions.--
13.7 Further Reading.--
13.8 Problems.--

14 CONVECTION MASS TRANSFER.--
14.1 Convection-Dispersion in an Infinite Fluid.--
14.2 Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid.--
14.3 Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid: Inclusion of Sorption.--
14.4 Convection-Diffusion in a Stagnant Gas.--
14.5 Convection-Diffusion Over a Surface.--
14.5.1 Concentration Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface.--
14.5.2 Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Defined.--
14.5.3 Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer.--
14.5.4 Calculation and Physical Implications of Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Values.--
14.5.5 Convection-Diffusion of Heat and Mass (Simultaneous) Over a Surface: Example of a Wet Bulb Thermometer.--
14.6 Chapter Summary—Convective Mass Transfer.--
14.7 Concept and Review Questions.--
14.8 Further Reading.--
14.9 Problems.--


III APPENDIX.

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